Chapter 1 - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
Chapter 1 of CBSE Class 10 History explores many of the issues visualized by Sorrier. It examines the various processes through which nation-states and nationalism emerged in 19th-century Europe. This chapter covers the following topics: the rise of nationalism in Europe, the French Revolution, nationalism, and imperialism. Vidyakul notes from Chapter 1 of Class 10 CBSE History prepared by subject matter experts. By reviewing these notes, students can clearly understand all key concepts. This Vidyakul CBSE Class 10 History Notes for Chapter 1 will help students better understand the chapter. It works as your best resource for reviewing during exams.
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
{Frédéric Sorrieu's vision of the World}
In 1848, French painter Frédéric Sorrieux created a series of four prints visualizing his dream of a world made up of democracy and social republics.
The first print depicts Europeans and Americans marching on a long train and saluting as it passes the Statue of Liberty. The torch of the Enlightenment was held by a female figure on one hand and the Charter of Human Rights on the other. The shattered remains of the symbol of Absolutism lie on the floor in the foreground. In
Sorrier's utopian vision, the people of the world are grouped into separate nations identified by national flags and national costumes.
The United States and Switzerland led the procession, followed by France and Germany. Germans are followed by residents of Austria, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Lombardy, Poland, Great Britain, Ireland, Hungary, and Russia.
Christ, saints, and angels look down on the stage from heaven. The artist used them as a symbol of the brotherhood of people around the world. In the 19th century, nationalism emerged as a force of great change in the political and spiritual world of Europe. The end result of these changes was the emergence of nation-states.
The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation
Nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789, and political and constitutional changes transferred sovereignty from the monarchy to the French citizenry. Various measures and practices were introduced, such as la patrie (fatherland) and le citizen (citizen) ideas. A new French flag, the tricolor, was chosen to replace the old one.
Democracy was overthrown in France by Napoleon and the Civil Code of 1804, known as the Napoleonic Code, abolished all birth privileges, established equality before the law, and secured property rights.
The Making of Nationalism in Europe
Germany, Italy, and Switzerland was divided into kingdoms, principalities, and cantons, and the rulers had their own dominions.
Aristocrats and the New Middle Class
The aristocracy was the political and social ruling class in continental Europe. Most of the population were peasants. Industrialization began in England in the late 18th century. A new social group emerged: the middle class made up of the workforce and industrialists, businessmen, and professionals.
What did liberal nationalism symbolize?
The term "liberalism" comes from the Latin root liber, meaning "free". The right to vote and to be elected was reserved for male owners only. Men were without property and all women were deprived of their political rights. In 1834, a customs union (Zollverein) was formed at the initiative of Prussia, to which most German states joined. The federation abolished customs barriers and reduced the number of currencies from 30 to 2.
New conservatism after 1815
European governments in 1815 was guided by the spirit of conservatism. Conservatives believe in the need to preserve the monarchy, church, social class, property, and family. A modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, and the abolition of feudalism and serfdom can strengthen European autocratic monarchies.
In 1815, representatives of the European powers such as Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria met in Vienna and agreed on the settlement of Europe. The Bourbons returned to power and France lost the territories it had annexed during the Napoleonic era. The main issue raised by liberal nationalists criticizing the new conservative order was freedom of speech.
The Revolutionaries
In 1815, secret societies were formed in many European countries to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas. Revolutionaries opposed the monarchy and fought for liberty and liberty. The Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini, born in Genoa in 1807, founded two more underground organizations in Marseille called "Young Italy". Second, he founded the Bern "Young Europe", made up of like-minded young people from the countries of Poland, France, Italy, and Germany.
The Age of Revolutions: 1830-1848
In July 1830, the Bourbon dynasty was overthrown by liberal revolutionaries who established a constitutional monarchy led by Louis-Philippe. The July Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels, resulting in the separation of Belgium from the Netherlands and Great Britain. In 1821 the Greeks fought for independence.
The Romanticism of Imagination and National Feeling
Culture have played an important role in shaping the concept of a nation. Art and poetry, stories, and music helped to express and shape nationalist feelings.
Romanticism is a cultural movement that sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment. Language also played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments.
Russian was spoken everywhere, and in 1831 there was an armed rebellion against Russian rule that was finally suppressed.
Hunger, Hardship, and Popular Revolt
Europe faced economic difficulties in the 1830s. During the first half of the 19th century, Europe's population increased dramatically. Rising food prices or a recession led to rampant poverty in villages and the countryside. In 1848, food shortages and widespread unemployment forced Parisians to take to the roads.
The Revolution of the Liberals
In 1848 there was a revolution led by the educated middle class. Liberal middle-class men and women demanded the creation of a nation-state based on parliamentary principles such as a constitution, freedom of speech, and freedom of association.
Many political groups gathered in Frankfurt to vote for the All-German National Assembly. On May 18, 1848, 831 elected delegates marched to take their seats before the Frankfurt Parliament convened at St Paul's Church.
The constitution designed for the German state was headed by a monarchy subordinate to parliament. The Crown was offered to Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia but he rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly. The Middle Class dominated the Parliament and a large number of women participated in the liberal movement.
Women formed their own political associations, founded newspapers, and took part in political meetings and demonstrations, but they were still denied suffrage rights during the election of the Assembly.
In the years after 1848, the autocratic monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe began to introduce the changes that had already taken place in Western Europe before 1815. Thus, serfdom and bonded labor were abolished both in the Habsburg dominions and in Russia.
The Making of Germany and Italy
{Can the military be the country's architects?}
European nationalism died out after 1848, and Germany and Italy were united as nation-states. Prussia seized the initiative in the national unification movement. The architect of this process was Otto von Bismarck, the chief minister, which was carried out with the help of the Prussian military and bureaucracy.
January 1871 Wilhelm I of Prussia was proclaimed Emperor of Germany. A conference was held to proclaim a new German Empire. The state-building process demonstrated the primacy of Prussian state power. Germany's monetary, banking, legal and judicial systems have been modernized.
United Italy
Italy was divided into seven provinces in the mid-19th century, of which Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by the Italian Crown. Every region was ruled by a different king. In the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini organized the Young Italy secret society.
The movement was led by Prime Minister Cavour. In 1859 Sardinia-Piedmont defeated the Austrians. In 1860 they migrated to southern Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, where they were able to enlist the support of local farmers. In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed King of United Italy.
The Strange History of Britain
England was a model country and the country did not exist until the 18th century. The nation grew stronger with a steady growth in wealth, importance, and power.
The Acts of Union between England and Scotland (1707) led to the formation of the "United Kingdom of England", which effectively meant that England had influence over Scotland. In 1801, Ireland was forcibly incorporated into Great Britain. The new British symbols, the British flag (Union Jack), the national anthem (God save our noble King), and the English language were actively promoted.
Visualization of States
In the 18th and 19th centuries, artists represented nations as people and nations as female figures. During the French Revolution, female figures portrayed ideas such as liberty, justice, and the Republic. Freedom is represented by a red cap or broken chains, and justice by a blindfolded woman holding scales.
Nationalism and Imperialism
Nationalism has ceased to exist since the late 19th century. Since 1871, the Balkans, the region encompassing today's Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia, and Montenegro, have been called the most stressful regions.
The Ottoman Empire exploded the Balkans and was strengthened through modernization and internal reform throughout the 19th century. Due to various conflicts, the Balkans have become an area of ​​sharp conflict. During this period fierce competition between the European powers over trade and colonies, as well as a naval and military power, led to a series of wars in the region and finally to World War I.
In 1914 Europe collapsed because of imperialism and related nationalism. Anti-imperialist movements developed, but all fought to create independent nation-states. However, the concept of the "nation-state" was natural and universally accepted.
Frequently asked Questions on CBSE Class 10 History
What is nationalism?
The desire/wish of a group of people with similar races, cultures, and languages to form a country.
How to induce patriotism in a person?
Children and young adults must be taught at a young age about the importance of patriotism. Love for one’s own country must be instilled in every child’s mind and heart.
How to protect our Nation from criticism?
- 1. Do not speak ill of your country
- 2. Do not misuse your national flag
- 3. Be polite and convey your positive thoughts about your country to other nationals
