UP Board - Class 12 physics - Chapter 6: Electromagnetic Induction Handwritten Notes

Electromagnetic induction is the process of generating an electromotive force (EMF) or current in a conductor by changing the magnetic flux linked with it. This phenomenon define the basis of many electrical devices like transformers, generators, and inductors.

Key Points:

1. Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction:

   • First Law: A change in magnetic flux through a circuit induces an EMF in the circuit.
   • Second Law: The magnitude of the induced EMF is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux.

2. Lenz's Law:

   • The direction of the induced current is such that it opposes the change in magnetic flux that caused it.
   • This law ensures the conservation of energy in electromagnetic processes.

3. Magnetic Flux:

   • Magnetic flux refers to the total magnetic field passing through a surface.
   • A change in magnetic flux is necessary for electromagnetic induction to occur.

4. Induced EMF and Current:

   • When the magnetic flux linked with a conductor changes, an EMF is induced.
   • If the circuit is closed, this EMF causes an induced current to flow.

5. Motional EMF:

   • EMF is induced when a conductor moves in a magnetic field, cutting through magnetic flux lines.

6. Self-Induction:

   • When the current in a coil changes, it induces an EMF in the same coil due to the changing magnetic flux linked with it.
   • This property of the coil is called self-inductance.

7. Mutual Induction:

   • When the current in one coil changes, it induces an EMF in a nearby coil due to the change in magnetic flux.
   • This property is called mutual inductance.

8. Applications of Electromagnetic Induction:

   • Electric Generators: Convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.
   • Transformers: Step up or step down the voltage in power distribution.
   • Induction Cooktops: Generate heat using electromagnetic induction.
     

Conclusion:

Electromagnetic induction is a fundamental concept in physics that connects electricity and magnetism. It plays a crucial role in the functioning of modern electrical and electronic devices, making it one of the cornerstones of electrical engineering and technology. Understanding this phenomenon has paved the way for advancements in energy generation and power transmission systems.

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