UP Board - Class 12 physics - Chapter 8: Electromagnetic Waves Handwritten Notes

Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves that consist of oscillating electric and magnetic fields, which are perpendicular to each other and the direction of wave propagation. They do not require any medium to travel and can propagate through a vacuum.

Key Points:

1. Nature of Electromagnetic Waves:

   • Electromagnetic waves are produced by accelerated charges.
   • They consist of electric and magnetic fields oscillating in mutually perpendicular directions.



2. Speed of Electromagnetic Waves:

   • In a vacuum, electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light.
   • Their speed depends on the medium through which they propagate.



3. Electromagnetic Spectrum:

   • The electromagnetic spectrum consists of different types of electromagnetic waves arranged according to their wavelengths or frequencies.
   • It includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays.



4. Properties of Electromagnetic Waves:

   • They are transverse waves.
   • They can travel through a vacuum.
   • The energy carried by electromagnetic waves is proportional to their frequency.



5. Applications of Different Electromagnetic Waves:

   • Radio Waves: Used in communication systems like television, radio, and mobile phones.
   • Microwaves: Used in radar systems, satellite communication, and microwave ovens.
   • Infrared Rays: Used in thermal imaging, remote controls, and night vision devices.
     



6. Energy Transmission:

   • Electromagnetic waves carry energy and momentum, which can be transferred to objects they interact with.



7. Practical Applications:

   • Electromagnetic waves play a vital role in communication, healthcare, weather forecasting, and scientific research.

Conclusion:

Electromagnetic waves are essential for understanding the behavior of light and energy transmission in the universe. Their wide range of applications in daily life and advanced technologies makes them a cornerstone of modern science and engineering. Understanding their properties and interactions has revolutionized communication, medicine, and energy systems.

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