Bihar Board - Class 12 Biology - Chapter 4: Reproductive Health Short Answer Question
Chapter-4 Reproductive health
Short Answer type
Q.1. What is reproductive health?
A.1. Reproductive health refers to the physical, mental and social well-being of an individual in all matters related to the reproductive system, its functions and processes.
Q.2. What are sexually transmitted diseases? Why are they considered self-invited diseases?
A.2. Sexually transmitted diseases are those that are transmitted through sexual intercourse. HIV, Gonorrhea are some of the STDs. These are said to be self-invited because people fall prey to these diseases by
- Having sex with unknown or multiple partners.
- Not using protection during coitus.
- Ignoring the symptoms of the disease.
Q.3. Which reproduction related aspects should be taught at the school level?
A.3. The following reproduction related aspects should be taught at the school level:
- Proper information should be provided regarding the reproductive organs, hygienic sexual practices, and sexually transmitted diseases.
- Problems arising due to population increase, sex abuse, etc.
- Educating them about birth control measures.
- Postnatal care of mother and child, the significance of breastfeeding, care during pregnancy.
Q.4. What is the main objective of the “Assisted Reproductive Technology” programme?
A.4. The main aim of the “Assisted Reproductive Technology” programme is to assist the infertile couples with special techniques such as in-vitro fertilization, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, etcThat can help them bear a child.
Q.5. How does the estrogen-progesterone combination act as a contraceptive measure?
A.5. The estrogen-progesterone combination is used in the contraceptive pills to inhibit ovulation and implantation. They are taken by females in the form of injections or as implants below the epidermal layer. These are equally effective as the pills but induce longer effects.
Q.6. Why should strict conditions be followed during the medical termination of pregnancy procedures?
A.6. Strict conditions should be followed :
- To prevent illegal female foeticide.
- To protect individuals from fatal MTP practices.
Q.7. Why are the males whose testes fail to descend to the scrotum considered infertile?
A.7. The testes are temperature sensitive. If they fail to descend in the scrotum before puberty, they will not produce sperms. Hence the male will be infertile.
Q.8. Lactational amenorrhea is a contraceptive method. List two advantages.
A.8. Following are the two advantages:
- A breastfeeding mother does not ovulate. So the chances of conceiving are equal to none.
- No pills will be required as a birth control measure; hence, no side-effects.
Q.9.What are the components of Reproductive Health?
A.9.The three essential components of reproductive health are as follows:
- Sexual health.
- Family planning.
- Maternal health.
Q.10.What is the Amniocentesis Test?
A.10.The medical test or a procedure mainly used for the determination of sex of an unborn baby through analyzing the chromosomal content of the amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus is called the amniocentesis test.
Q.11.What are the common health issues associated with reproductive health?
A.11.The most common health issues associated with reproductive health are as follows:
- Dysmorphism.
- Overpopulation.
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases.
- Poor health of both the mother and her baby.
- Early marriages before attaining puberty.
- An increased mortality rate of both mothers and Infants.
Q.12.What is the significance of Reproductive Health?
A.12.Sexually transmitted disease- STDs are infectious diseases, which are transmitted through sexual contact with an infected person. AIDS, Gonorrhea, genital herpes, hepatitis-B, syphilis, and warts, are few commonly known Sexually transmitted diseases.
Q.13. Female gametes are transferred to the fallopian tube in the GIFT procedure. Is it possible to transfer the gametes to the uterus?
A.13. It is not possible to transfer the gametes to the uterus. This is because the gametes cannot survive in the environment of the uterus. They will be degenerated or phagocytosed if transferred directly into the uterus.
Q.14. Why are non-medicated methods not as effective as the copper ions releasing Intrauterine Devices?
A.14. The non-medicated methods are less effective than the copper ions releasing IUDs because:
- The copper ions reduce the fertilizing capacity and the motility of the sperms.
- It phagocytosis the sperms inside the uterus.
- It is a safe, cost-effective, and convenient method of contraception.
- Breastfeeding can be used with no fear of any side-effects.
Q.15. Explain in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer in brief.
A.15. In IVF and ET techniques, the male and female gametes are made to fertilize in the laboratory environment. The zygote thus formed is introduced in the uterus of the acceptor during the secretory phase. The eight-celled embryos or the early embryos are transferred to the fallopian tube while the embryos more than eight cells are transferred to the uterus.
Q.16. What are the benefits of natural contraceptive methods over artificial methods?
A.16. The natural methods of contraception involve no side-effects.
Unlike the artificial method, the natural method is reversible because there is no surgery involved.
Q.17. When is the medical termination of pregnancy advised by the doctors?
A1.17. The medical termination of pregnancy is advised under the following circumstances:
- If the pregnancy endangers the health (physical/mental) of the woman.
- If the child is malformed or handicapped
- In cases of rape
- If the girl is unmarried, consent of the guardian is required.
- In the case of mentally ill mothers
Q.18. Justify the statement, “All reproductive tract infections are sexually transmitted diseases, but all sexually transmitted diseases are not reproductive tract infections.”
A.18. The reproductive tract infections are transferred from one partner to another during sexual intercourse. Hence called sexually transmitted diseases. For eg., gonorrhea, genital herpes, syphilis etc. However, some sexually transmitted diseases such as hepatitis, AIDS are transferred during sexual intercourse but do not cause any infections in the reproductive tract or genitals. These are therefore not referred to as reproductive tract infections.
Q.19. Why is tubectomy considered a contraceptive method?
A.19. Tubectomy is the permanent method of sterilization in women. In this method, the fallopian tubes are blocked or cut so that the egg is stopped from traveling to the uterus. This eliminates any chances of pregnancy.
Q.20. Comment on child health care and the reproductive programmes run by the government for the improvement of an individual’s reproductive health.
A.20. The reproductive and child healthcare programme was started in October 1997. It was established with the objective of reducing the maternal, infant and child mortality rates. It was established to make people aware of the healthy reproductive practices, the benefits of family planning, and the use of contraceptives.
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