Bihar Board - Class 11 - Chemistry - Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Handwritten Notes

The "Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure" chapter focuses on how atoms combine to form molecules. It explains the different types of chemical bonds—ionic, covalent, and coordinate bonds—and how they influence the structure and properties of substances. This chapter is fundamental for understanding how elements interact and form stable compounds.

Key Points:

1. Chemical Bond:

   • A chemical bond is the force that holds two atoms together in a molecule or compound.
   • Bonds are formed by the interaction of electrons between atoms.

2. Types of Chemical Bonds:

   • Ionic Bond: Formed when one atom loses an electron and another atom gains it, creating oppositely charged ions that attract each other.
   • Covalent Bond: Formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
   • Coordinate (Dative) Bond: A type of covalent bond where both electrons in the shared pair come from the same atom.

3. Properties of Ionic Compounds:

   • Ionic compounds typically have high melting and boiling points, are soluble in water, and conduct electricity when dissolved or melted.

4. Properties of Covalent Compounds:

   • Covalent compounds have lower melting and boiling points compared to ionic compounds and do not conduct electricity in any state.

5. Bond Formation and Bond Length:

   • The strength of a bond depends on the number of electrons shared (in covalent bonds) or transferred (in ionic bonds).
   • The shorter the bond length, the stronger the bond.

6. Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory:

   • VSEPR theory explains the shapes of molecules based on the repulsion between electron pairs in the valence shell of atoms.
   • The shape of a molecule determines its polarity and its chemical reactivity.

7. Hybridization:

   • Hybridization is the concept of mixing atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals that influence molecular geometry.
   • Examples include sp, sp², and sp³ hybridization, which explain the shapes of molecules like methane (CH₄) and ethene (C₂H₄).

8. Molecular Orbital Theory:

   • This theory explains the formation of molecules based on the combination of atomic orbitals to form molecular orbitals, which determine the stability and magnetic properties of a molecule.

Conclusion:

The "Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure" chapter is key to understanding how atoms interact to form stable compounds through different types of chemical bonds. This chapter also emphasizes how bond formation affects the properties and behavior of molecules. Understanding these fundamental concepts is crucial for further studies in chemistry and helps explain the reactivity and structure of the substances around us. By mastering chemical bonding, students can predict and explain the properties of a wide range of compounds.

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