Bihar Board - Class 11 biology - Chapter 12: Mineral Nutrition Handwritten Notes

Mineral nutrition in plants refers to the uptake and utilization of essential minerals from the soil, which are vital for plant growth and development. These minerals are involved in various physiological processes, including enzyme activation, protein synthesis, and photosynthesis. This chapter explores the types of essential nutrients, their role in plant functions, and how plants absorb and transport them.

Key Points

1. Essential Elements for Plants

   • Plants require 17 essential elements, which are categorized into:
     • Macronutrients: Needed in large quantities.
       • Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), and Sulfur (S).
     • Micronutrients: Needed in trace amounts.
       • Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Boron (B), Molybdenum (Mo), Chlorine (Cl), and Nickel (Ni).

2. Functions of Nutrients

   • Macronutrients:
     • Nitrogen: Key component of proteins and chlorophyll.
     • Phosphorus: Part of DNA, RNA, and ATP.
     • Potassium: Regulates osmotic pressure and enzyme activation.
     • Calcium: Strengthens cell walls and acts as a secondary messenger in signaling.
     • Magnesium: Central atom in the chlorophyll molecule.
     • Sulfur: Component of amino acids and vitamins.
   • Micronutrients:
     • Play critical roles in enzyme activity, photosynthesis, and redox reactions.

3. Deficiency Symptoms

   • Nitrogen Deficiency: Yellowing of older leaves (chlorosis).
   • Phosphorus Deficiency: Poor root growth, dark green leaves.
   • Potassium Deficiency: Yellowing and browning of leaf edges.
   • Calcium Deficiency: Death of growing tips, poor root development.
   • Magnesium Deficiency: Interveinal chlorosis.

4. Absorption of Mineral Nutrients

   • Root Absorption: Roots absorb minerals from the soil through specialized root cells.
     • Active Transport: Involves energy to move ions against concentration gradients.
     • Passive Transport: Movement of minerals through diffusion or facilitated diffusion.
   • Mycorrhizal Association: Symbiotic relationship between fungi and roots that enhances nutrient absorption.

5. Transport of Minerals in Plants

   • Xylem: Transports water and dissolved minerals from roots to leaves.
   • Phloem: Primarily transports sugars but may also carry some minerals.

6. Fertilization and Soil Management

   • Fertilizers provide essential nutrients to the soil, replenishing those lost by plants.
   • Organic Fertilizers: Derived from plant or animal matter.
   • Inorganic Fertilizers: Commercially prepared fertilizers with specific nutrient ratios.
   • Proper soil management ensures adequate availability of nutrients for healthy plant growth.

7. Role of Mineral Nutrition in Plant Growth

   • Essential for various physiological processes like enzyme activation, photosynthesis, and respiration.
   • Nutrient imbalances can lead to stunted growth, poor fruiting, or even death.

Conclusion

Mineral nutrition plays a crucial role in plant health and productivity. The availability and absorption of essential nutrients determine the growth, development, and functioning of plants. A balanced supply of both macronutrients and micronutrients is key to ensuring optimal plant growth and agricultural productivity. Understanding mineral nutrition is vital for effective soil management and plant cultivation practices.

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