Bihar Board - Class 11 biology - Chapter 5: morphology of flowering plant Handwritten Notes
The morphology of flowering plants refers to the study of their external structure and form. This chapter explores the different parts of a flowering plant, their functions, and how they contribute to the plant's survival, growth, and reproduction. Key structures include the root, stem, leaves, flowers, and fruits, each playing a vital role in the plant's life cycle.
Key Points
Root
- Function: Anchors the plant to the soil, absorbs water and minerals, and stores food.
- Types:
- Taproot: A single, thick root that grows deep into the soil (e.g., carrot, radish).
- Fibrous Root: A network of thin roots that arise from the base of the stem (e.g., grass).
- Modified Roots: Some roots are modified for specific functions like storage (e.g., sweet potato), support (e.g., prop roots in corn), or respiration (e.g., pneumatophores in mangrove trees).
Stem
- Function: Supports the plant, transports water, minerals, and food, and facilitates photosynthesis in some plants.
- Types:
- Herbaceous Stem: Soft and green, found in non-woody plants (e.g., sunflowers).
- Woody Stem: Hard and brown, found in trees and shrubs (e.g., oak, pine).
- Modified Stems:
- Tendrils: Used for climbing (e.g., pea plants).
- Thorn: Provides protection (e.g., rose).
- Runners: Horizontal stems that grow on the surface of the ground (e.g., strawberry).
Leaf
- Function: The primary site of photosynthesis, where plants convert sunlight into energy.
- Structure:
- Leaf Blade: The flat, broad part that captures sunlight.
- Petiole: The stalk that connects the leaf blade to the stem.
- Veins: Vascular tissue that transports water and nutrients.
- Types of Leaves:
- Simple Leaf: A single, undivided blade (e.g., mango).
- Compound Leaf: Divided into multiple leaflets (e.g., pea plant).
- Modified Leaves:
- Spines: Found in cacti for protection (e.g., cactus).
- Tendrils: Modified leaves that assist in climbing (e.g., grapevine).
Flower
- Function: The reproductive part of the plant, responsible for producing seeds.
- Structure:
- Petals: Often colorful, attract pollinators.
- Sepals: Protect the flower bud before it opens.
- Stamens: Male reproductive organs, consisting of anthers and filaments.
- Pistil: Female reproductive organ, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary.
- Types of Flowers:
- Unisexual: Contain only male or female reproductive organs (e.g., papaya).
- Bisexual: Contain both male and female reproductive organs (e.g., hibiscus).
Fruit
- Function: Protects the developing seeds and aids in their dispersal.
- Types:
- Fleshy Fruits: Soft and edible, e.g., apples, tomatoes.
- Dry Fruits: Hard or papery, e.g., peanuts, beans.
- Seed Dispersal: Fruits assist in the dispersal of seeds through wind, water, or animals.
Modified Structures
- Storage Organs: Some plants modify their roots, stems, or leaves to store food and water (e.g., tubers like potatoes, bulbs like onions).
- Protection Mechanisms: Thorns, spines, and other modifications protect the plant from herbivores.
- Climbing Mechanisms: Tendrils, hooks, or twining stems allow some plants to climb and support themselves.
Vegetative and Reproductive Structures
- Vegetative Structures: Roots, stems, and leaves responsible for growth and nutrition.
- Reproductive Structures: Flowers, fruits, and seeds responsible for the plant's reproduction.
Conclusion
The morphology of flowering plants reveals the remarkable adaptations and functions of different plant parts that contribute to the plant's survival, growth, and reproduction. Each structure, whether it be the root, stem, leaf, flower, or fruit, plays a vital role in ensuring the plant's life cycle continues successfully. Understanding plant morphology is crucial for agriculture, horticulture, and ecology, as it helps in the identification, cultivation, and conservation of plants.
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