Bihar Board - Class 11 physics - Chapter 11: Thermal Properties of Matter Handwritten Notes

The chapter "Thermal Properties of Matter" focuses on the effects of temperature on matter. It explores how matter changes its physical properties, such as volume and state, in response to temperature variations. This chapter also covers key concepts like heat capacity, thermal expansion, and the laws of thermodynamics.

Key Points

1. Temperature and Heat

   • Temperature: A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance.
   • Heat: The energy transferred between substances due to temperature difference. Heat flows from the region of higher temperature to lower temperature.

2. Thermal Expansion

   • Linear Expansion: The change in length of a solid when its temperature changes. $$\Delta L = \alpha L_0 \Delta T$$ where $\alpha$ is the coefficient of linear expansion, $L_0$ is the initial length, and $\Delta T$ is the change in temperature.
   • Area Expansion: The change in area of a surface with temperature change. $$\Delta A = 2\alpha A_0 \Delta T$$
     
   • Volume Expansion: The change in volume of a substance with temperature change. $$\Delta V = \beta V_0 \Delta T$$ where $\beta$ is the coefficient of volume expansion.

3. Specific Heat Capacity

   • Specific Heat: The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree Celsius. $$Q = mc\Delta T$$where $Q$ is the heat energy, $m$ is the mass, $c$ is the specific heat capacity, and $\Delta T$ is the change in temperature.

4. Latent Heat

   • Latent Heat of Fusion: The heat required to convert a unit mass of a solid into liquid at its melting point without changing its temperature.
   • Latent Heat of Vaporization: The heat required to convert a unit mass of a liquid into vapor at its boiling point without changing its temperature. $$Q = mL$$where $L$ is the latent heat.

5. Thermodynamics

   • First Law of Thermodynamics: The law of energy conservation, stating that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. $$\Delta U = Q - W$$ where $\Delta U$ is the change in internal energy, $Q$ is the heat added, and $W$ is the work done by the system.
   • Second Law of Thermodynamics: Heat flows from a hotter object to a colder one, and processes that increase entropy are spontaneous.

6. Black Body Radiation

   • A black body absorbs and emits all radiation frequencies. The radiation emitted by a body depends only on its temperature, described by Planck's law.

7. Heat Transfer Methods

   • Conduction: Transfer of heat through a substance by the vibration and collision of particles.
   • Convection: Transfer of heat in fluids (liquids and gases) through the movement of warm fluid molecules.
   • Radiation: Transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves (without involving a medium).

8. Temperature Scales

   • Common temperature scales include Celsius (°C), Fahrenheit (°F), and Kelvin (K). The relationship between Celsius and Kelvin is: $$$$
   • $$$$$$K=\mathrm{°}C+273$$

Conclusion

The chapter "Thermal Properties of Matter" emphasizes how temperature and heat influence the physical properties of matter. Key concepts like thermal expansion, specific heat, latent heat, and the laws of thermodynamics are fundamental in understanding the behavior of substances under temperature changes and their real-world applications.

हिंदी के सभी अध्याय के महत्वपूर्ण प्रशन उत्तर के लिए अभी Download करें Vidyakul App - Free Download Click Here